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Greek Genocide 1914-23

Quotes



Quotes of Western Officials
Quotes of Turkish Officials
Quotes of German and Austro-Hungarian Officials
Quotes of Relief Workers and Missionaries
Various Other Quotes


Quotes of Western Officials:


Henry Morgenthau

In an article first published in "The Red Cross Magazine" of March 1918, Henry Morgenthau, United States ambassador to Turkey, asks:

"Will the outrageous terrorising, the cruel torturing, the driving of women into the harems, the debauchery of innocent girls, the sale of many of them at eighty cents each, the murdering of hundreds of thousands and the deportation to, and starvation in, the deserts of other hundreds of thousands, the destruction of hundreds of villages and cities, will the wilful execution of this whole devilish scheme to annihilate the Armenian, Greek and Syrian Christians of Turkey -- will all this go unpunished?"

Henry Morgenthau, United States ambassador to Turkey, in his book "Ambassador Morgenthau's Story" (Doubleday, Page & Co., New York, 1918) writes:

"Acting under Germany's prompting, Turkey now began to apply this principle of deportation to her Greek subjects in Asia Minor... This procedure against the Greeks not improperly aroused my indignation. I did not have the slightest suspicion at that time that the Germans had instigated these deportations, but I looked upon them merely as an outburst of Turkish ferocity and chauvinism. By this time I knew Talaat well; I saw him nearly every day, and he used to discuss practically every phase of international relations with me. I objected vigorously to his treatment of the Greeks; I told him that it would make the worst possible impression abroad and that it affected American interests... "Turkey for the Turks " was now Talaat's controlling idea."

"Their [the Young Turks] passion for Turkifying the nation seemed to demand logically the extermination of all Christians---Greeks, Syrians, and Armenians."

"The Armenians are not the only subject people in Turkey which have suffered from this policy of making Turkey exclusively the country of the Turks. The story which I have told about the Armenians I could also tell with certain modifications about the Greeks and the Syrians. Indeed the Greeks were the first victims of this nationalizing idea."

“The Turks adopted almost identically the same procedure against the Greeks as that which they had adopted against the Armenians.”

Alexander Millerand

Alexander Millerand, President of the Supreme Allied Council, 17th of July 1920:

“The Turkish government has not only failed to protect its subjects of non-Turkish origin against looting, violence and murder, but a large body of evidence indicates that the Turkish government itself was responsible for organizing and carrying out the most ferocious attacks against communities which it was its duty to protect. For these reasons, the Allied powers have decided to liberate from the Turkish yoke all the lands where the majority of the people were non-Turks.”

Lloyd George

Lloyd George, British Prime Minister, House of Commons:

“… tens of thousands of (Greek) men, women and Children were expelled and dying. It was a clearly a deliberate extermination. ‘Extermination' is not my word. It is the word being used by the American mission.”

Horace Rumbold

Sir Horace Rumbold, British High Commissioner in Constantinople to Lord George Curzon, British Minister of Foreign Affairs:

“The Turks seem to be acting based on a premeditated plan for the elimination of the minorities…”

Sir Horace Rumbold, British High Commissioner in Constantinople:

“… the Turks appear to be working on a deliberate plan to get rid of Minorities. Their method has been to collect at Amassia Ottoman Greeks from the region between Samsoun and Trebizond. These Greeks are marched from Amassia via Toket and Sivas as far as Ceasarea and then back again until they are eventually sent through Kharput to the East. In this manner a large number of deportees die on the road from hardship and exposure.”

Winston Churchill

In his book "The Aftermath" (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1929, p. 444.) Winston Churchill wrote:

“... Mustapha Kemal's Army ... celebrated their triumph by the burning of Smyrna to ashes and by a vast massacre of its Christian population...”

George Horton

George Horton, US Consul General at Smyrna wrote:

“One of the keenest impressions which I brought away with me from Smyrna was a feeling of shame that I belonged to the human race”.

“The conduct of the Greeks toward the thousands of Turks residing in Greece, while the ferocious massacres were going on, and while Smyrna was being burned and refugees, wounded, outraged and ruined, were pouring into every port of Hellas, was one of the most inspiring and beautiful chapters in all that country's history. There were no repri­sals. The Turks living in Greece were in no wise molested, nor did any storm of hatred or revenge burst upon their heads. This is a great and beau­tiful victory that, in its own way, rises to the level of Marathon and Salamis.”




Quotes of Turkish Officials:


Sefker Pasha

Sefker Pasha tells Orthodox Patriarch Ioakeim III (1834-1912), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, on the 26th of July 1909:

"We will cut off your heads, we will make you disappear. It is either you or us who will survive."

Talaat Bey

In a telegram to the Prefect of Smyrna on the 14th of May 1914, Talaat Bey, Minister of the Interior of the Ottoman Government, writes:

"The Greeks, who are Ottoman subjects, and form the majority of inhabitants in your district, take advantage of the circumstances in order to provoke a revolutionary current, favourable to the intervention of the Great Powers. Consequently, it is urgently necessary that the Greeks occupying the coast-line of Asia Minor be compelled to evacuate their villages and install themselves in the vilayets of Erzerum and Chaldea. If they should refuse to be transported to the appointed places, kindly give instructions to our Moslem brothers, so that they shall induce the Greeks, through excesses of all sorts, to leave their native places of their own accord. Do not forget to obtain, in such cases, from the emigrants certificates stating that they leave their homes on their own initiative, so that we shall not have political complications ensuing from their displacement."

Talaat Bey writes in a telegram dated the 7th of March 1916:

"Under the pretext of having them cared for by the administration for deportees, and without arousing suspicions, seize and exterminate all those children of a certain people who have been picked up and looked after at the military stations by order of the Ministry of War."

According to an Austro-Hungarian agent, Talaat Bey on the 31st of January 1917 declared:

"... I see that time has come for Turkey to have it out with the Greeks the way it had it out with the Armenians in 1915."

Rafet Bey

On the 26th of November 1916 Rafet Bey tells Ernst von Kwiatkowski, Austro-Hungarian consul in Sampsounta:

"We must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians."

And on the 28th of Novemeber 1916 Rafet Bey tells Ernst von Kwiatkowski:

"Today, I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight."

Damad Ferid

Damad Ferid, the Turkish Grand Vizier, described Turkey's policy of extermination against the Christians at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference as crimes:

"... such as to make the conscience of mankind shudder with horror for ever."

Mustafa Kemal

As validated by French military colonel Mougin, on the 13th of August 1923, in the Turkish Grand National Assembly (Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi) in Ankara, Mustafa Kemal declared:

"At last we've uprooted the Greeks from Pontos"

In an interview with Swiss journalist Emile Hilderbrand, published on Sunday August 1st 1926 in the Los Angeles Examiner under the title "Kemal Promises More Hangings of Political Antagonists in Turkey", Mustafa Kemal states:

“These left-overs from the former Young Turkey Party, who should have been made to account for the lives of millions of our Christian subjects who were ruthlessly driven en masse, from their homes and massacred, have been restive under the Republican rule.”


 

Quotes of German and Austro-Hungarian Officials:


Wangenheim

Wangenheim, German Ambassador in Athens, 24/7/1909

"The Turks have decided upon a war of extermination against their Christian subjects."

Herr Kuckhoff

Herr Kuckhoff, German ambassador at Amisos, 16/7/1916.

“The entire Greek population of Sinope and the costal region of the country of Kastanomu has been exiled. Exile and annihilation have the same meaning in Turkish, because the ones not murdered die mostly from sickness and starvation.”

Ernst von Kwiatkowski

Ernst von Kwiatkowski, Austro-Hungarian consul in Sampsounta, 30/11/1916.

“On 26 November, Rafet Bey told me: ‘We must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians'...On 28 November, Rafet Bey told me: ‘Today, I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight.' I fear for the elimination of the entire Greek population and a repeat of what occurred last year.”

Kuhlman

Kuhlman, German Ambassador, 13/12/1916.

"Consuls Bergfeld in Samsun and Schede in Kerasun report of displacement of local population and murders. Prisoners are not kept. Villages reduced to ashes. Greek refugee families consisting mostly of women and children being marched from the coasts to Sebasteia. The need is great."

Von Bethmann-Hollweg

Von Bethmann- Hollweg, German Imperial Chancellor, 31/01/1917.

"... the indications are that the Turks plan to eliminate the Greek element as enemies of the state, as they did earlier with the Armenians. The strategy implemented by the Turks is of displacing people to the interior without taking measures for their survival by exposing them to death, hunger and illness. The abandoned homes are then looted and burnt or destroyed. Whatever was done to the Armenians is being repeated with the Greeks.”




Quotes of Relief Workers and Missionaries:


Johannes Lepsius

Johannes Lepsius, Germany missionary, 31/7/1915.

“The anti-Armenian and the anti-Greek persecutions were two stages of one and the same programme on the annihilation of the Christian element in Turkey.”

Frank Jackson

Frank W. Jackson, Chairman of the Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor, 17/10/1917

"The story of the Greek deportations is not yet generally known. Quietly and gradually the same treatment is being meted out to the Greeks as to the Armenians and Syrians. Although closely guarded, certain echoes come out from time to time. There were some two or three million Greeks in Asia Minor at the outbreak of the war in 1914 subject to Turkish rule. According to the latest reliable and authoritative accounts, some seven to eight hundred thousand have been deported, mainly form the coast regions into the interior of Asia Minor. At the declaration of the present war all persecutions were stopped, but the spring of 1915 brought to the stage a tragic, novel drama, unique in the history of the world as to its horrors and destructiveness -- that is, the Armenian deportation; under that innocent name the extermination of a Christian race was started. Along with the Armenians most of the Greeks of the Marmora regions and Thrace have been deported on the pretext that they gave information to the enemy. Along the Aegean coast, Aivalik stands out as the worst sufferer. According to one report, some 70,000 Greeks have been deported towards Konia and beyond. At least 7000 have been slaughtered. The Greek Bishop of Aivalik committed suicide in despair."

Stanley Hopkins

Stanley Hopkins, American employee of the Near East Relief, 16/11/1921

“… the Greeks of Anatolia are suffering the same or worse fate than did the Armenians in the massacres of the Great War. The deportation of the Greeks is not limited to the Black Sea Coast but is being carried out throughout the whole of the country governed by the Nationalists. Greek villages are deported entire, the few Turkish or Armenian inhabitants are forced to leave, and the villages are burned. The purpose is unquestionably to destroy all Greeks in that territory and to leave Turkey for the Turks. These deportations are, of course, accompanied by cruelties of every form just as was true in the case of the Armenian deportations five and six years ago.”

Alfred Brady

Alfred E. Brady, American Smyrna Disaster Committee, 1922.

“Although the majority of Greek and Armenian civilian men in Asia Minor have been deported into Angora, into what is tantamount to slavery, and the majority of women and children exiled, the Turks' campaign of massacre and terror continues, as the last surviving Christian communities are wiped out one by one.”

Forrest Yowell

F.D. Yowell, Director of the Harpoot Unit, Near East Relief, 5/5/1922.

“Conditions of Greek minorities are even worse than those of the Armenians. Sufferings of the Greeks deported from districts behind the battlefront are terrible and still continue. These deportees begun to reach Harpoot before my arrival last October. Of thirty thousand Greek refugees who left Sivas, five thousand died on the way before reaching Harpoot. One American relief worker saw and counted fifteen hundred bodies on the road east of Harpoot.”

“In Harpoot district our relief has been to give these needy people in opposition to the wishes of the Turks who did everything in their power to prevent our doing so. We were not allowed to employ any Greeks in our work or to take any orphan children, left by dying Greek deportees, into our orphanages. Sick Greeks could not be received into our hospital except on the written order of the Turkish Commissioner.”

“Two thirds of the Greek deportees are women and children. All along the route where these deportees have travelled Turks are permitted to visit refugee group and select women and girls whom they desire for any purpose. These deportations are still in progress, and if American aid is now withdrawn all will perish. Their whole route today strewn with bodies of their dead, which are consumed by dogs, wolves, vultures. The Turks make no effort to burry these dead and the deportees are not permitted to do so. The chief causes of death are starvation, dysentery, typhus. Turkish authorities frankly state that is their deliberate intention to exterminate the Greeks, and all their actions supports this statements. At present fresh deportations and outrages are starting in all parts of Asia Minor from northern seaports to the south eastern district.”

Mark Ward

Dr. Mark H. Ward, Medical missionary for the Near East Relief, 7/6/1922.

“From May, 1921, to March last, when I left, thirty thousand deportees, of whom six thousand were Armenians and the rest Greeks, were collected at Sivas and deported through Kharput to Bitlis and Van. Of these thirty thousand, ten thousand perished last winter and ten thousand escaped or have been protected by the Americans. The fate of the other ten thousand is not known. The deportations are continuing; every week's delay means deaths to hundreds of these poor people. The Turkish policy is extermination of these Christian minorities.”

E. O. Jacobs

Mr. E. O. Jacobs, General Secretary to the Smyrna Y.M.C.A:

"The Turkish policy of the elimination of the Christian minorities in Asia Minor has been determinedly carried into effect. The Christian quarters of Smyrna have been practically wiped pit; the populations are dead from massacre, fled, or banished into exile. When I left, only fifty thousand homeless and foodless refugees remained in the city."




Various Other Quotes:


Israel Charney

Prof. Israel Charney, former president of the International Association of Genocide Scholars and Executive Director of the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide, Jerusalem:

"It is believed that in Turkey between 1913 and 1922, under the successive regimes of the Young Turks and of Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk), more than 3.5 million Armenian, Assyrian and Greek Christians were massacred in a state-organized and state-sponsored campaign of destruction and genocide, aiming at wiping out from the emerging Turkish Republic its native Christian populations. This Christian Holocaust is viewed as the precursor to the Jewish Holocaust in WWII. To this day, the Turkish government ostensibly denies having committed this genocide."

Gregory Stanton

Prof. Gregory Stanton, president of the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS), stated in response to the IAGS resolution affirming the Greek and Assyrian Genocides:

"This resolution is one more repudiation by the world's leading genocide scholars of the Turkish government's ninety year denial of the Ottoman Empire's genocides against its Christian populations, including Assyrians, Greeks, and Armenians. The history of these genocides is clear, and there is no more excuse for the current Turkish government, which did not itself commit the crimes, to deny the facts. The current German government has forthrightly ackowledged the facts of the Holocaust. The Turkish government should learn from the German government's exemplary acknowledgment of Germany's past, so that Turkey can move forward to reconciliation with its neighbors."

Rudolph Rummel

Prof. Rudolph Joseph Rummel, professor emeritus of political science at the University of Hawaii, in his publication titled "Statistics of Democide" wrote:

"Democide had preceded the Young Turk's rule and with their collapse at the end of World War I, the successor Nationalist government carried out its own democide against the Greeks and remaining or returning Armenians. From 1900 to 1923, various Turkish regimes killed from 3,500,000 to over 4,300,000 Armenians, Greeks, Nestorians, and other Christians."

Mark Levene

Historian Dr. Mark Levene, in his journal titled “Creating a modern ‘zone of genocide’: The impact of nation- and state-formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878-1923”, writes:

"By ridding themselves of the Armenians, Greeks, or any other group that stood in their way, Turkish nationalists were attempting to prove how they could clarify, purify, and ultimately unify a polity and society so that it could succeed on its own, albeit Western-orientated terms. This, of course, was the ultimate paradox: the CUP committed genocide in order to transform the residual empire into a streamlined, homogeneous nation-state on the European model. Once the CUP had started the process, the Kemalists, freed from any direct European pressure by the 1918 defeat and capitulation of Germany, went on to complete it, achieving what nobody believed possible: the reassertion of independence and sovereignty via an exterminatory war of national liberation."

Hannibal Travis

Prof. Hannibal Travis of Florida International University College of Law, in his paper "Native Christians Massacred" published in the Genocide Studies and Prevention journal, December 2006, writes:

"The Turks extended their policy of exterminating the Christians of the empire to the Armenians, Greeks, Syrians, and Lebanese."

"German military officers, diplomats, and civilians also witnessed the planning and execution of the genocide of Armenian, Assyrian, and Greek Christians as it unfolded."

"Absent a governmental intention to exterminate the Christians of the empire, it would be nearly impossible to explain how the massacres, rapes, deportations, and dispossessions of the Armenian, Assyrian, and Greek Christians living in the Ottoman Empire at the time of World War I could have taken place on such a vast scale."

Taner Akcam

Turkish professor Taner Akcam in a televised interview aired in 2005 stated:

"The salvation of the Turkish nation was only to get rid of the Christians from Anatolia and they developed plans at the beginning of 1913 and they implemented these plans first in Western Anatolia against the Greeks."

Richard M. Dawkins

Prof. Richard MacGillivray Dawkins (1871–1955), an Oxford University professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek studies, stated in an article published on the 10th of September 1915 in The Times that:

"It seemed that the aim of the Turks was now the total destruction of the Greek population."

Silas Bent

In an article titled the "Uprooting of Greeks in Turkey", which appeared in The New York Times on the 21st of January 1923 regarding the Treaty of Lausanne, Professor Silas Bent, American journalist, author and lecturer, wrote:

"Before the World War there were three millions of Greeks in Turkish territory; a million of them were killed or dispersed in 1915; a million and a half of them, since 1915, have been killed or dispersed (dispersal being the more merciless method of driving them to arid plateaus where they died lingeringly from starvation), and the events at Smyrna were still fresh before the minds of the delegates. What assurances could there be against further massacres and forcible deportations if these helpless and peaceable folk were left at the mercy of the Turk?"

Stephen Pound

On the 7th of June 2006, Stephen Pound, Member of the British Parliament, raised the issue of the Armenian, Assyrian and Greek Genocides in the House of Commons:

"I hope that it is not contentious to say that 3.5 million of the historic Christian population of Assyrians, Armenians and Greeks then living in the Ottoman empire had been murdered—starved to death or slaughtered—or exiled by 1923."

"Genocide did happen—3.5 million people were killed or died in the desert. Why did it happen? Armenians, Greeks and Assyrians had lived in the Ottoman empire for many hundreds of years, and some for even longer; and there was not a systematic programme or pogrom until late in the 19th century. Without doubt there were isolated incidents, but something changed, particularly during the caliphate of Sultan Abdul Hamid, and especially with the election of the Committee for Union and Progress."

 

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